What Percent Of Animals Tested On Die

Animals are used for a diverseness of purposes in the United States—for food and other products; in sports and amusement; for companionship; for the production of enzymes, hormones, and other biological products; and in enquiry, testing, and educational activity. The largest apply of animals is in food and fiber production, bookkeeping for over v billion vertebrates each year (U.S. Section of Agronomics, 1985). An estimated 110 1000000 dogs and cats are household pets in the United States. Betwixt 17 million and 22 million animals are estimated to be used annually in the United States in research, education, and testing. Virtually 85 percent of these are rats and mice, and less than 2 percentage are cats, dogs, and nonhuman primates (Office of Technology Assessment, 1986).

Animals are used in research to improve the health and welfare of humans and animals and to gain basic knowledge that cannot be gained in other ways. Enquiry conducted on animals varies widely in its bear upon on the fauna subjects themselves. I field of behavioral research consists of observations of animals living in colonies that simulate their natural environments but with adequate nutrient supplies and no predators. In some enquiry projects, animals are subjected to experimental procedures so receive supportive care, because their long-term survival and the validation of methods are the goals of handling (examples include the evolution of organ transplantation and chronic toxicology). Some inquiry animals are subjected to toxic substances and painful procedures until they are disabled or dice, as when determining the lethal dose of radiations used in cancer therapy. Some are killed to obtain an essential organ, such as the liver, to be used in farther studies. Others are anesthetized, subjected to an experimental procedure, and killed without regaining consciousness.

Not just is there considerable variation in how animals are used, but there is variation in how many and what types of animals are used in experiments.

Numbers of Animals Used

In 1952 the National Research Council established the Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) to serve as a analogous agency and an information resources on the utilize of laboratory animals. In 1962, 1968, and 1978, ILAR conducted major surveys of laboratory animal facilities and resources, with the results of the 1978 survey beingness published by the U.Due south. Department of Wellness and Human Services (National Inquiry Council, 1980). The 1968 and 1978 ILAR surveys included most of the entities that apply animals in biomedical research, including nonprofit, commercial, military, and federal organizations. ILAR is currently planning a quaternary survey.

The Animate being and Constitute Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.South. Department of Agriculture (USDA) also collects information on the extent of brute use. Each yr APHIS prepares an Brute Welfare Enforcement Report, which summarizes the annual reports filed with APHIS by registered research facilities that use animals in research (U.Due south. Department of Agriculture, 1972–1987). All registered research facilities are required to submit these reports. Institutions are non required to written report on their employ of rats, mice, birds, and domestic farm animals used for enquiry, only the annual report class has infinite for voluntary reporting on the apply of rats and mice.

Table one summarizes information from the ILAR and APHIS surveys and from estimates prepared past Health Designs, Inc., for the Office of Technology Assessment (1986). Equally demonstrated by the table, data from various sources evidence a lack of consistency. Information technology should be noted that a considerable decrease was observed between 1967 and 1978 in the numbers of animals used as measured by ILAR. Recent annual reports from APHIS, however, take shown that the total number of animals used in experimentation (excluding rats, mice, birds, and wild animals) increased from ane,571,693 in 1983 to 1,633,933 in 1986 (U.S. Section of Agriculture, 1972–1987). The Office of Engineering Assessment (1986), in evaluating all the information, has concluded that the available data are as well imprecise to let whatsoever conclusions to be fabricated regarding recent trends in overall animal apply. The ILAR survey being planned will provide more than current information on animal utilise.

Tabular array 1

Various Estimates of the Number of Animals Used in the United States.

Utilise of Animals in Research by the Federal Authorities

The federal authorities is a major user of research animals. Specifically, the post-obit departments and agencies use animals for intramural research and testing (Role of Engineering science Assessment, 1986).

The U.Southward. Department of Agriculture conducts research with animals to ameliorate animate being health and the quality of fauna products, such as food and fiber.
The U.S. Department of Defense conducts experimental research in a wide multifariousness of areas, with animals existence used by the Air Force, the Army, the Navy, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, the Defense force Nuclear Bureau, and the Military machine Constitute of Pathology.
The U.S. Department of Energy conducts research on the health and environmental effects of energy technologies and programs. Nearly of this research takes identify at the privately managed national laboratories—such as Brookhaven National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Pacific Northwest Laboratories—and through contracts and grants to scientists employed at universities and other research facilities.
The U.S. Department of Health and Homo Services carries out intramural beast inquiry or testing inside four of its components: the National Institutes of Wellness (NIH); the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); the National Plant on Drug Corruption (NIDA), which is role of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Wellness Administration (ADAMHA); and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Wellness (NIOSH), which is part of the Centers for Disease Control. NIH is the largest of these four components and uses more animals than any other federal department or agency.
The U.S. Department of the Interior, in cooperation with state and private organizations, conducts enquiry and education programs to improve fish and wildlife resources management.
The U.S. Department of Transportation conducts inquiry on transportation safety using animals nether the authority of the Chancy Transportation Human activity of 1974 and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966.
The Consumer Product Rubber Commission (CPSC) conducts tests to determine the toxic potential of consumer products.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performs research involving animals under the statutory and regulatory authorization of the Toxic Substances Control Act and the Federal. Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.
The National Helmsmanship and Space Administration (NASA) conducts research with animals to acquire knowledge that can be used to protect the health of astronauts, both during their missions in space and later on their return to world.
The Veterans Administration (VA) uses animals in its research and development divisions and in its education programs.

The Office of Applied science Cess (1986) has estimated that the total federal use of animals in 1983 was i.vi million, with about 90 percent of these animals beingness rats and mice.

Utilize of Animals in Education

The number of animals used in education is unknown, only most observers call back that information technology is relatively small. For example, an estimated 53,000 animals are used annually for teaching in medical and veterinarian schools (Office of Technology Cess, 1986). However, animal use in loftier schools and colleges might be nigh people's just contact with laboratory animals, making it an important determinant of how the public feels about such employ. This topic is outside the charge of the commission, but the recent report by the Office of Engineering science Cess (1986) examines the issue in some item.

Employ of Animals in Testing

Animals are used extensively to test the safety and efficacy of compounds produced by the chemical, cosmetic, and drug industries. The use of so many animals, particularly rats and mice, in testing cannot exist ignored even though the committee was charged primarily with looking at the employ of animals in enquiry. Government regulatory agencies, such as FDA, EPA, CPSC, and the Occupational Safety and Wellness Administration (OSHA), often explicitly crave the employ of animals in testing. A list of some normally used tests follows (Office of Technology Assessment, 1986). Descriptions of possible culling methods tin be establish in Chapter four.

Acute toxicity tests consist of single doses at concentrations high enough to produce toxic effects or expiry. They are often used to screen substances for relative toxicity. The LD₅₀, which is the dose of a exam substance at which half the test animals can be expected to dice, is one such test.
Center and skin irritation tests, which unremarkably consist of a single exposure, are generally used to develop warnings for treatment and to predict the toxicity of accidental exposure. The most mutual method used to test middle irritation is the Draize test, in which a exam substance is applied to one eye of an adult rabbit, with the untreated heart serving as a control (Draize et al., 1944).
Repeated-dose chronic toxicity tests entail repeated exposures to substances for periods of 2 weeks to more than a year to determine the possible effects of long-term exposure. Rats are most commonly used for these tests.
Carcinogenicity tests involve repeated exposures to substances for almost of an animal'south lifespan to observe possible man carcinogens.
Developmental and reproductive toxicity tests consist of a diversity of procedures to decide the potential of strange substances to cause infertility, miscarriages, and birth defects. Rats and rabbits are the well-nigh commonly used animal subjects.
Neurotoxicity tests use a diverseness of doses and exposures to determine toxic effects on the nervous system. Toxic end points include behavioral changes, lack of coordination, motor disorders, and learning disabilities in animals.
Mutagenicity tests include a variety of methods for determining whether genetic material of germ or somatic cells has been changed.
Biological screening tests investigate the biological action of organic compounds. Animals may exist used in these tests depending on the blazon of biological activity being investigated.

Most of the above-mentioned tests crave the use of large numbers of animals. Nonetheless, as mentioned earlier, the number of animals used in testing is non known. Most testing is idea to be conducted in individual commercial establishments that use primarily rats and mice, which nether electric current regulations are non subject to the reporting requirements of the Animal Welfare Act. A recent estimate of the total number of animals used in testing was ''several'' 1000000 (Office of Technology Assessment, 1986). Another study (Theta Corporation, 1986) estimated that the use of animals in testing and industrial enquiry is considerably greater than that, with organizations exterior of government and academia accounting for over 75 per centum of the estimated 22 1000000 laboratory animals used annually. Of these animals, rodents past far are used in the greatest numbers.

New Technologies and Futurity Laboratory Use of Animals

The new and speedily expanding field of biotechnology will have an impact on the species and numbers of laboratory animals used, just it is besides early to predict precisely its ultimate effects. In some cases, the number of animals used might exist reduced as biotechnology provides new testing methods acceptable to governmental regulatory regime. In other cases, biotechnology might cause a need for more animals as well equally shifts in the relative numbers of diverse species of animals used. Now, the biotechnology industry in the United States purchases an estimated 11 per centum of all laboratory rodents sold, about five pct of the swine, and about 2 percent of the rabbits and dogs, but few primates or cats (Theta Corporation, 1986).

Several effects of biotechnology can already exist seen. Rabies virus is widely distributed in nature. Information technology was initially studied by infecting live laboratory animals with the virus, which led to vaccines produced using live animals. Recently, new diagnostic tests have been developed that use monoclonal antibodies produced by cell cultures, and vaccines are being produced with recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid engineering science (Freiherr, 1986). These changes have greatly reduced the utilise of animals for this purpose.

Proteins such equally growth hormone and insulin can at present be made using bioengineering techniques. Although this method of production will not eliminate the use of animals, it may reduce the number used per production, considering safety tests tin then be performed with larger batches of a compatible production.

The increasing sophistication in determining molecular structure and using information technology to predict biochemical function may reduce the use of animals. Scientists can utilize advances in technology to determine the active sites of molecules and even the zipper sites of viruses.

Such information may let drug synthesis to proceed in a more than directed fashion. New compounds adult in this style will even so crave safety and efficacy testing in animals. Animals will besides still be needed for the validation of predicted results.

The numbers of particular animals used could alter. For instance, more than mice might be used, considering transgenic mice produced by the microinjection of Dna into fertilized mouse eggs institute a powerful system for the written report of specific genes (Bieberich and Scangos, 1986).

Summary

No comprehensive information on the employ of animals for research, testing, and education in the private sector are available, and trends in this use are difficult to gauge. Federal in-firm apply amounts to well-nigh 1.6 one thousand thousand animals, or less than 10 percent of the estimated 17 one thousand thousand to 22 million animals used annually for research, education, and testing in the United states of america. A uniform system of reporting, while costly, would assistance to decide more than accurately the numbers of animals used in enquiry, which would make it possible to assess the bear upon of policy on trends in animal utilise. Animals are used extensively in testing the safety and efficacy of compounds produced by the chemical, corrective, and drug industries. Commonly used tests include those for acute toxicity, heart and skin irritation, repeated-dose chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, and biological screening. Future technologies might beget ways of reducing creature utilise, or they might lead to a demand for more animals or to shifts in the relative numbers of dissimilar species used.

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218261/

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